Manmohan Singh, Ex-Indian PM and Architect of Economic Reforms, Dies at 92

Photo : Reuters

India's former Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, passed away at the age of 92. Renowned as a distinguished economist, statesman, and reformer, Singh served as the architect of India’s liberal economic policies and one of the country’s most prominent leaders. His tenure as Prime Minister from 2004 to 2014 and his earlier role as Finance Minister left a profound mark on India’s economic and political landscape.

Dr. Singh was admitted to a hospital in New Delhi after his health deteriorated, according to reports. His passing prompted an outpouring of tributes from across the political spectrum. Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed his condolences, calling him "one of India’s most distinguished leaders." Modi also highlighted Singh’s wisdom, humility, and his relentless efforts to improve the lives of Indian citizens.

Congress leader Priyanka Gandhi described Singh as “egalitarian, wise, strong-willed, and courageous,” while her brother and Congress President Rahul Gandhi mourned the loss of a mentor and guide.

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A Legacy of Leadership

Born on September 26, 1932, in a modest village in the Punjab province of undivided India, Manmohan Singh rose from humble beginnings. His village lacked basic amenities like electricity and running water, yet his thirst for knowledge paved the way for a brilliant academic career. Singh graduated from Panjab University and went on to earn a master’s degree from the University of Cambridge, followed by a doctorate from Oxford University.

His daughter, Daman Singh, recounted the financial hardships her father faced during his studies in the UK. With limited scholarships and family support, Singh lived frugally, relying on subsidized meals to make ends meet. Despite these challenges, he emerged as a highly respected economist and an influential academic.

Dr. Singh’s political journey began in earnest when he was appointed India’s Finance Minister in 1991 during a period of severe economic crisis. Facing near-bankruptcy, Singh implemented transformative reforms, including devaluing the rupee, cutting taxes, privatizing state enterprises, and opening India to foreign investment. His policies rejuvenated the economy, checked inflation, and set India on a path of sustained growth.

The Accidental Prime Minister

Although Singh was highly respected for his intellect and integrity, he lacked a political base. In 2004, he became India’s first Sikh Prime Minister after Congress leader Sonia Gandhi declined the position. Critics often alleged that Sonia Gandhi wielded the real power during his tenure, but Singh’s statesmanship and consensus-building capabilities earned him widespread respect.

Under his leadership, India achieved several significant milestones. The landmark India-US nuclear deal ended the country’s nuclear isolation, although it came at a political cost, with Communist allies withdrawing their support from his government. Despite managing a coalition of diverse and often difficult partners, Singh was lauded for his pragmatic and steady approach to governance.

Challenges and Criticism

While his first term as Prime Minister was marked by economic growth and policy successes, Singh’s second term faced numerous challenges. Allegations of corruption involving his cabinet ministers, policy paralysis, and an economic slowdown marred his tenure. These controversies were partially blamed for the Congress party's defeat in the 2014 general elections.

Critics often described Singh as soft and indecisive, a perception he firmly rejected. Reflecting on his legacy, he once remarked, "History will be kinder to me than the contemporary media."

Foreign Policy and Diplomacy

On the international stage, Singh pursued pragmatic policies, continuing peace talks with Pakistan and working to resolve border disputes with China. His efforts led to the reopening of the Nathu La pass into Tibet after four decades. Singh also strengthened ties with Afghanistan and became the first Indian leader in 30 years to visit the country.

However, his foreign policy decisions occasionally sparked controversy. For instance, his outreach to the United States and strained relations with Iran drew criticism from opposition leaders.

A Quiet, Enduring Influence

Known for his low profile and self-effacing demeanor, Singh was often referred to as a "man of few words." Despite his reserved nature, his intelligence and calm demeanor earned him admiration both domestically and internationally.

After stepping down as Prime Minister, Singh remained active in public life, providing counsel on key issues. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, he advocated for direct financial assistance to citizens, greater support for businesses, and reforms in the financial sector to mitigate the economic impact of the crisis.

Dr. Singh’s enduring legacy lies in his transformative economic reforms and his commitment to public service. He leaves behind his wife, three daughters, and a nation that will remember him as a visionary leader who steered India through some of its most challenging times.

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